Phishing

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Not to be confused with Fishing or Pishing.
Template:Split
File:PhishingTrustedBank.png
An example of a phishing email, disguised as an official email from a (fictional) bank. The sender is attempting to trick the recipient into revealing confidential information by "confirming" it at the phisher's website. Note the misspelling of the words received and discrepancy as recieved and discrepency, respectively.

Template:Information security Phishing is a form of social engineering where attackers deceive people into revealing sensitive information[1] or installing malware such as ransomware. Phishing attacks have become increasingly sophisticated and often transparently mirror the site being targeted, allowing the attacker to observe everything while the victim is navigating the site, and transverse any additional security boundaries with the victim.[2] As of 2020, it is the most common type of cybercrime, with the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Centre reporting more incidents of phishing than any other type of computer crime.[3]

The term "phishing" was first recorded in 1995 in the cracking toolkit AOHell, but may have been used earlier in the hacker magazine 2600.[4][5][6] It is a variation of fishing and refers to the use of lures to "fish" for sensitive information.[5][7][8]

Measures to prevent or reduce the impact of phishing attacks include legislation, user education, public awareness, and technical security measures.[9] The importance of phishing awareness has increased in both personal and professional settings, with phishing attacks among businesses rising from 72% to 86% from 2017 to 2020.[10]

Types

Email phishing

Phishing attacks, often delivered via email spam, attempt to trick individuals into giving away sensitive information or login credentials. Most attacks are "bulk attacks" that are not targeted and are instead sent in bulk to a wide audience.[11] The goal of the attacker can vary, with common targets including financial institutions, email and cloud productivity providers, and streaming services.[12] The stolen information or access may be used to steal money, install malware, or spear phish others within the target organization.[5] Compromised streaming service accounts may also be sold on darknet markets.[13]

Spear phishing

Spear phishing is a targeted phishing attack that uses personalized emails[14] to trick a specific individual or organization into believing they are legitimate. It often utilizes personal information about the target to increase the chances of success.[15][16][17][18] These attacks often target executives or those in financial departments with access to sensitive financial data and services. Accountancy and audit firms are particularly vulnerable to spear phishing due to the value of the information their employees have access to.[19]

Threat Group-4127 (Fancy Bear) targeted Hillary Clinton's campaign with spear phishing attacks on over 1,800 Google accounts, using the accounts-google.com domain to threaten targeted users.[20][21]

A study on spear phishing susceptibility among different age groups found that 43% of 100 young and 58 older users clicked on simulated phishing links in daily emails over 21 days. Older women had the highest susceptibility, while susceptibility in young users declined over the study, but remained stable in older users.[22]

Whaling and CEO fraud

Whaling attacks use spear phishing techniques to target senior executives and other high-profile individuals[23] with customized content, often related to a subpoena or customer complaint.[24]

CEO fraud involves sending fake emails from senior executives to trick employees into sending money to an offshore account.[25] It has a low success rate, but can result in organizations losing large sums of money.[26]

Clone phishing

Clone phishing is a type of attack where a legitimate email with an attachment or link is copied and modified to contain malicious content. The modified email is then sent from a fake address made to look like it's from the original sender. The attack may appear to be a resend or update of the original email. It often relies on the sender or recipient being previously hacked so the attacker can access the legitimate email.[27][28]

Voice phishing

Main article: Voice phishing

Voice over IP (VoIP) is used in vishing or voice phishing attacks,[29] where attackers make automated phone calls to large numbers of people, often using text-to-speech synthesizers, claiming fraudulent activity on their accounts. The attackers spoof the calling phone number to appear as if it is coming from a legitimate bank or institution. The victim is then prompted to enter sensitive information or connected to a live person who uses social engineering tactics to obtain information.[29] Vishing takes advantage of the public's lower awareness and trust in voice telephony compared to email phishing.[30]

SMS phishing

SMS phishing[31] or smishing[32][33] is a type of phishing attack that uses text messages from a cell phone or smartphone to deliver a bait message.[34] The victim is usually asked to click a link, call a phone number, or contact an email address provided by the attacker. They may then be asked to provide private information, such as login credentials for other websites. The difficulty in identifying illegitimate links can be compounded on mobile devices due to the limited display of URLs in mobile browsers.[35] Smishing can be just as effective as email phishing, as many smartphones have fast internet connectivity. Smishing messages may also come from unusual phone numbers.[36]

Page hijacking

Page hijacking involves redirecting users to malicious websites or exploit kits through the compromise of legitimate web pages, often using cross site scripting. Hackers may insert exploit kits such as MPack into compromised websites to exploit legitimate users visiting the server. Page hijacking can also involve the insertion of malicious inline frames, allowing exploit kits to load. This tactic is often used in conjunction with watering hole attacks on corporate targets.[citation needed]

Calendar phishing

Calendar phishing involves sending fake calendar invitations with phishing links. These invitations often mimic common event requests and can easily be added to calendars automatically.[37] To protect against this form of fraud, former Google click fraud czar Shuman Ghosemajumder recommends changing calendar settings to not automatically add new invitations.[38]

Techniques

Link manipulation

Phishing attacks often involve creating fake links that appear to be from a legitimate organization.[39] These links may use misspelled URLs or subdomains to deceive the user. In the following example URL, Template:Code, it can appear to the untrained eye as though the URL will take the user to the example section of the yourbank website; actually this URL points to the "yourbank" (i.e. phishing) section of the example website. Another tactic is to make the displayed text for a link appear trustworthy, while the actual link goes to the phisher's site. To check the destination of a link, many email clients and web browsers will show the URL in the status bar when the mouse is hovering over it. However, some phishers may be able to bypass this security measure.[40]

Internationalized domain names (IDNs) can be exploited via IDN spoofing[41] or homograph attacks[42] to allow attackers to create fake websites with visually identical addresses to legitimate ones. These attacks have been used by phishers to disguise malicious URLs using open URL redirectors on trusted websites.[43][44][45] Even digital certificates, such as SSL, may not protect against these attacks as phishers can purchase valid certificates and alter content to mimic genuine websites or host phishing sites without SSL.[46]

Filter evasion

Phishers have sometimes used images instead of text to make it harder for anti-phishing filters to detect the text commonly used in phishing emails.[47] In response, more sophisticated anti-phishing filters are able to recover hidden text in images using optical character recognition (OCR).[48]

Social engineering

Phishing often uses social engineering techniques to trick users into performing actions such as clicking a link or opening an attachment, or revealing sensitive information. It often involves pretending to be a trusted entity and creating a sense of urgency,[49] like threatening to close or seize a victim's bank or insurance account.[50]

An alternative technique to impersonation-based phishing is the use of fake news articles to trick victims into clicking on a malicious link. These links often lead to fake websites that appear legitimate,[51] but are actually run by attackers who may try to install malware or present fake "virus" notifications to the victim.[52]

History

1980s

A phishing technique was described in detail in a paper and presentation delivered to the 1987 International HP Users Group, Interex.[53]

1990s

The term "phishing" is said to have been coined by the well known spammer and hacker in the mid-90s, Khan C. Smith.[54] The first recorded mention of the term is found in the hacking tool AOHell (according to its creator), which included a function for attempting to steal the passwords or financial details of America Online users.[55][56]

Early AOL phishing

Phishing on AOL was a technique used by the warez community, who traded in unlicensed software, and black hat hackers to steal credit card information and commit other online crimes. AOL would suspend the accounts of individuals caught using certain keywords in chat rooms related to counterfeiting software or stolen accounts. The term "phishing" originated from the use of the <>< symbol in chat transcripts as a way to disguise references to illegal activity and evade detection by AOL staff. The symbol resembled a fish, and, combined with the popularity of phreaking, led to the term "phishing." AOHell, a program released in 1995, allowed hackers to impersonate AOL staff and send instant messages to victims asking them to reveal their passwords[57] by claiming to need to "verify your account" or "confirm billing information".[citation needed]

AOHell was a custom-written program used for phishing and warezing on AOL. In an effort to combat phishing, AOL added a warning to all instant messages stating that they would never ask for passwords or billing information. However, users with both AOL and non-AOL internet accounts (such as those from an ISP) could still phish AOL members without consequences.[58] In 1995, AOL implemented measures to prevent the use of fake credit card numbers to open accounts, leading to an increase in phishing for legitimate accounts.[59] AOL deactivated accounts involved in phishing, and eventually the warez scene on AOL was shut down, causing most phishers to leave the service.[60]

2000s

  • 2001
  • 2003
    • The first known phishing attack against a retail bank was reported by The Banker in September 2003.[62]
  • 2004
    • It is estimated that between May 2004 and May 2005, approximately 1.2 million computer users in the United States suffered losses caused by phishing, totaling approximately Template:US$. United States businesses lose an estimated Template:US$ per year as their clients become victims.[63]
    • Phishing is recognized as a fully organized part of the black market. Specializations emerged on a global scale that provided phishing software for payment (thereby outsourcing risk), which were assembled and implemented into phishing campaigns by organized gangs.[64][65]
  • 2005
  • 2006
    • Almost half of phishing thefts in 2006 were committed by groups operating through the Russian Business Network based in St. Petersburg.[68]
    • Banks dispute with customers over phishing losses. The stance adopted by the UK banking body APACS is that "customers must also take sensible precautions ... so that they are not vulnerable to the criminal."[69] Similarly, when the first spate of phishing attacks hit the Irish Republic's banking sector in September 2006, the Bank of Ireland initially refused to cover losses suffered by its customers,[70] although losses to the tune of €113,000 were made good.[71]
    • Phishers are targeting the customers of banks and online payment services. Emails, supposedly from the Internal Revenue Service, have been used to glean sensitive data from U.S. taxpayers.[72] While the first such examples were sent indiscriminately in the expectation that some would be received by customers of a given bank or service, recent research has shown that phishers may in principle be able to determine which banks potential victims use, and target bogus emails accordingly.[73]
    • Social networking sites are a prime target of phishing, since the personal details in such sites can be used in identity theft;[74] in late 2006 a computer worm took over pages on MySpace and altered links to direct surfers to websites designed to steal login details.[75]
  • 2007
    • 3.6 million adults lost Template:US$ in the 12 months ending in August 2007.[76] Microsoft claims these estimates are grossly exaggerated and puts the annual phishing loss in the US at Template:US$.[77]
    • Attackers who broke into TD Ameritrade's database and took 6.3 million email addresses (though they were not able to obtain social security numbers, account numbers, names, addresses, dates of birth, phone numbers and trading activity) also wanted the account usernames and passwords, so they launched a follow-up spear phishing attack.[78]
  • 2008
    • The RapidShare file sharing site has been targeted by phishing to obtain a premium account, which removes speed caps on downloads, auto-removal of uploads, waits on downloads, and cool down times between uploads.[79]
    • Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin facilitate the sale of malicious software, making transactions secure and anonymous.[citation needed]
  • 2009
    • In January 2009, a phishing attack resulted in unauthorized wire transfers of US$1.9 million through Experi-Metal's online banking accounts.
    • In the third quarter of 2009, the Anti-Phishing Working Group reported receiving 115,370 phishing email reports from consumers with US and China hosting more than 25% of the phishing pages each.[80]

2010s

Template:Bar chart

  • 2011
    • In March 2011, Internal RSA staff were successfully phished,[81] leading to the master keys for all RSA SecureID security tokens being stolen, then subsequently used to break into US defense suppliers.[82]
    • Chinese phishing campaigns targeted Gmail accounts of highly ranked officials of the United States and South Korean governments and militaries, as well as Chinese political activists.[83][84]
  • 2012
    • According to Ghosh, there were "445,004 attacks in 2012 as compared to 258,461 in 2011 and 187,203 in 2010”.
  • 2013
    • In August 2013, advertising service Outbrain suffered a spear-phishing attack and SEA placed redirects into the websites of The Washington Post, Time, and CNN.[85]
    • In October 2013, emails purporting to be from American Express were sent to an unknown number of recipients.[86]
    • In November 2013, 110 million customer and credit card records were stolen from Target customers, through a phished subcontractor account.[87] CEO and IT security staff subsequently fired.[88]
    • By December 2013, Cryptolocker ransomware had infected 250,000 computers. According to Dell SecureWorks, 0.4% or more of those infected likely agreed to the ransom demand.[89]
  • 2014
    • In January 2014, the Seculert Research Lab identified a new targeted attack that used Xtreme RAT. This attack used spear phishing emails to target Israeli organizations and deploy the piece of advanced malware. Fifteen machines were compromised including ones belonging to the Civil Administration of Judea and Samaria.[90][91][92][93][94][95][96]
    • In August 2014, the iCloud leaks of celebrity photos was found to be based on phishing e-mails sent to the victims that looked like they came from Apple or Google, warning the victims that their accounts might be compromised and asking for their account details.[97]
    • In November 2014, phishing attacks on ICANN gained administrative access to the Centralized Zone Data System; also gained was data about users in the system - and access to ICANN's public Governmental Advisory Committee wiki, blog, and whois information portal.[98]
  • 2015
  • 2016
  • In February, Austrian aerospace firm FACC AG was defrauded of 42 million euros ($47 million) through a BEC attack - and subsequently fired both the CFO and CEO.[107]
  • 2017
    • In 2017, 76% of organizations experienced phishing attacks. Nearly half of information security professionals surveyed said that the rate of attacks increased from 2016.
    • In the first half of 2017 businesses and residents of Qatar were hit with more than 93,570 phishing events in a three-month span.[121]
    • A phishing email to Google and Facebook users successfully induced employees into wiring money – to the extent of US$100 million – to overseas bank accounts under the control of a hacker. He has since been arrested by the US Department of Justice.[122]
    • In August 2017, customers of Amazon faced the Amazon Prime Day phishing attack, when hackers sent out seemingly legitimate deals to customers of Amazon. When Amazon's customers attempted to make purchases using the "deals", the transaction would not be completed, prompting the retailer's customers to input data that could be compromised and stolen.[123]
  • 2018
    • In 2018, the company block.one, which developed the EOS.IO blockchain, was attacked by a phishing group who sent phishing emails to all customers, aimed at intercepting the user's cryptocurrency wallet key; and a later attack targeted airdrop tokens.[124]
  • 2019
    • Between May 30, 2019 and October 6, 2019 an unauthorized individual gained access to employee email accounts at Golden Entertainment, a Las Vegas, Nevada slot machine operator using an email phishing attack.[125] The attacker had access to one particular email with an attachment containing the Social Security Numbers, Passport numbers, government IDs, and various personal data of multiple company employees and vendors. It is unclear whether this information was exposed.[126] The company notified all affected individuals as a precaution, offering them complimentary Credit report monitoring. Subsequently, a class action lawsuit against the company was approved in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada on December 17, 2020.[127]
    • From 2015-2019, Unatrac Holding Ltd. was subjected to an ongoing spear phishing attack, costing about $11 million US dollars. Obinwanne Okeke and conspirators first acquired the company CFO's email credentials. Then, they sent fake invoices and wire transfer requests to the company's financial department.[128] Okeke perpetrated cyberfraud against many other businesses and individuals, successfully capturing email and other sensitive login credentials. On February 16, 2021, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison.[129]

2020s

  • 2020
    • On July 15, 2020, Twitter suffered a breach that combined elements of Social engineering (security) and phishing. A 17-year old hacker and accomplices setup a fake website resembling Twitter's internal VPN provider used by remote working employees. Individuals posing as helpdesk staff called multiple Twitter employees, directing them to submit their credentials to the fake VPN website. [130] Using the details supplied by the unknowing employees, they were then able to seize control of several high-profile user accounts, including Barack Obama, Elon Musk, Joe Biden and Apple Inc.'s company account. The hackers sent messages to Twitter followers soliciting Bitcoin promising double the transaction value in return, collecting 12.86 BTC (about $117,000 at the time).[131]
Total number of unique phishing reports (campaigns) received, according to APWG[132]
Year Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Template:MONTHABBREV Total
2005 12,845 13,468 12,883 14,411 14,987 15,050 14,135 13,776 13,562 15,820 16,882 15,244 173,063
2006 17,877 17,163 18,480 17,490 20,109 28,571 23,670 26,150 22,136 26,877 25,816 23,787 268,126
2007 29,930 23,610 24,853 23,656 23,415 28,888 23,917 25,624 38,514 31,650 28,074 25,683 327,814
2008 29,284 30,716 25,630 24,924 23,762 28,151 24,007 33,928 33,261 34,758 24,357 23,187 335,965
2009 34,588 31,298 30,125 35,287 37,165 35,918 34,683 40,621 40,066 33,254 30,490 28,897 412,392
2010 29,499 26,909 30,577 24,664 26,781 33,617 26,353 25,273 22,188 23,619 23,017 21,020 313,517
2011 23,535 25,018 26,402 20,908 22,195 22,273 24,129 23,327 18,388 19,606 25,685 32,979 284,445
2012 25,444 30,237 29,762 25,850 33,464 24,811 30,955 21,751 21,684 23,365 24,563 28,195 320,081
2013 28,850 25,385 19,892 20,086 18,297 38,100 61,453 61,792 56,767 55,241 53,047 52,489 491,399
2014 53,984 56,883 60,925 57,733 60,809 53,259 55,282 54,390 53,661 68,270 66,217 62,765 704,178
2015 49,608 55,795 115,808 142,099 149,616 125,757 142,155 146,439 106,421 194,499 105,233 80,548 1,413,978
2016 99,384 229,315 229,265 121,028 96,490 98,006 93,160 66,166 69,925 51,153 64,324 95,555 1,313,771
2017 96,148 100,932 121,860 87,453 93,285 92,657 99,024 99,172 98,012 61,322 86,547 85,744 1,122,156
2018 89,250 89,010 84,444 91,054 82,547 90,882 93,078 89,323 88,156 87,619 64,905 87,386 1,040,654
2019 34,630 35,364 42,399 37,054 40,177 34,932 35,530 40,457 42,273 45,057 42,424 45,072 475,369
"APWG Phishing Attack Trends Reports". http://www.antiphishing.org/resources/apwg-reports/. 

Anti-phishing

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}} There are anti-phishing websites which publish exact messages that have been recently circulating the internet, such as FraudWatch International and Millersmiles. Such sites often provide specific details about the particular messages.[133][134]

As recently as 2007, the adoption of anti-phishing strategies by businesses needing to protect personal and financial information was low.[135] Now there are several different techniques to combat phishing, including legislation and technology created specifically to protect against phishing. These techniques include steps that can be taken by individuals, as well as by organizations. Phone, web site, and email phishing can now be reported to authorities, as described below.

User training

File:Phish.jpg
Frame of an animation by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission intended to educate citizens about phishing tactics

Effective phishing education, including conceptual knowledge[136] and feedback,[137][138] is an important part of any organization's anti-phishing strategy. While there is limited data on the effectiveness of education in reducing susceptibility to phishing,[139] much information on the threat is available online.[50]

Simulated phishing campaigns, in which organizations test their employees' training by sending fake phishing emails, are commonly used to assess their effectiveness. One example is a study by the National Library of Medicine, in which an organization received 858,200 emails during a 1-month testing period, with 139,400 (16%) being marketing and 18,871 (2%) being identified as potential threats. These campaigns are often used in the healthcare industry, as healthcare data is a valuable target for hackers. These campaigns are just one of the ways that organizations are working to combat phishing.[140]

To avoid phishing attempts, people can modify their browsing habits[141] and be cautious of emails claiming to be from a company asking to "verify" an account. It's best to contact the company directly or manually type in their website address rather than clicking on any hyperlinks in suspicious emails.[142]

Nearly all legitimate e-mail messages from companies to their customers contain an item of information that is not readily available to phishers. Some companies, for example PayPal, always address their customers by their username in emails, so if an email addresses the recipient in a generic fashion ("Dear PayPal customer") it is likely to be an attempt at phishing.[143] Furthermore, PayPal offers various methods to determine spoof emails and advises users to forward suspicious emails to their [email protected] domain to investigate and warn other customers. However it is unsafe to assume that the presence of personal information alone guarantees that a message is legitimate,[144] and some studies have shown that the presence of personal information does not significantly affect the success rate of phishing attacks;[145] which suggests that most people do not pay attention to such details.

Emails from banks and credit card companies often include partial account numbers, but research[146] has shown that people tend to not differentiate between the first and last digits. This is an issue because the first few digits are often the same for all clients of a financial institution.

The Anti-Phishing Working Group, who's one of the largest anti-phishing organizations in the world, produces regular report on trends in phishing attacks.[147]

Google posted a video demonstrating how to identify and protect yourself from Phishing scams.[148]

Technical approaches

A wide range of technical approaches are available to prevent phishing attacks reaching users or to prevent them from successfully capturing sensitive information.

Filtering out phishing mail

Specialized spam filters can reduce the number of phishing emails that reach their addressees' inboxes. These filters use a number of techniques including machine learning[149] and natural language processing approaches to classify phishing emails,[150][151] and reject email with forged addresses.[152]

Browsers alerting users to fraudulent websites

File:Firefox 2.0.0.1 Phising Alert.png
Screenshot of Firefox 2.0.0.1 Phishing suspicious site warning

Another popular approach to fighting phishing is to maintain a list of known phishing sites and to check websites against the list. One such service is the Safe Browsing service.[153] Web browsers such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer 7, Mozilla Firefox 2.0, Safari 3.2, and Opera all contain this type of anti-phishing measure.[154][155][156][157][158] Firefox 2 used Google anti-phishing software. Opera 9.1 uses live blacklists from Phishtank, cyscon and GeoTrust, as well as live whitelists from GeoTrust. Some implementations of this approach send the visited URLs to a central service to be checked, which has raised concerns about privacy.[159] According to a report by Mozilla in late 2006, Firefox 2 was found to be more effective than Internet Explorer 7 at detecting fraudulent sites in a study by an independent software testing company.[160]

An approach introduced in mid-2006 involves switching to a special DNS service that filters out known phishing domains: this will work with any browser,[161] and is similar in principle to using a hosts file to block web adverts.

To mitigate the problem of phishing sites impersonating a victim site by embedding its images (such as logos), several site owners have altered the images to send a message to the visitor that a site may be fraudulent. The image may be moved to a new filename and the original permanently replaced, or a server can detect that the image was not requested as part of normal browsing, and instead send a warning image.[162][163]

Augmenting password logins

The Bank of America website[164][165] is one of several that asks users to select a personal image (marketed as SiteKey) and displays this user-selected image with any forms that request a password. Users of the bank's online services are instructed to enter a password only when they see the image they selected. However, several studies suggest that few users refrain from entering their passwords when images are absent.[166][167] In addition, this feature (like other forms of two-factor authentication) is susceptible to other attacks, such as those suffered by Scandinavian bank Nordea in late 2005,[168] and Citibank in 2006.[169]

A similar system, in which an automatically generated "Identity Cue" consisting of a colored word within a colored box is displayed to each website user, is in use at other financial institutions.[170]

Security skins[171][172] are a related technique that involves overlaying a user-selected image onto the login form as a visual cue that the form is legitimate. Unlike the website-based image schemes, however, the image itself is shared only between the user and the browser, and not between the user and the website. The scheme also relies on a mutual authentication protocol, which makes it less vulnerable to attacks that affect user-only authentication schemes.

Still another technique relies on a dynamic grid of images that is different for each login attempt. The user must identify the pictures that fit their pre-chosen categories (such as dogs, cars and flowers). Only after they have correctly identified the pictures that fit their categories are they allowed to enter their alphanumeric password to complete the login. Unlike the static images used on the Bank of America website, a dynamic image-based authentication method creates a one-time passcode for the login, requires active participation from the user, and is very difficult for a phishing website to correctly replicate because it would need to display a different grid of randomly generated images that includes the user's secret categories.[173]

Monitoring and takedown

Several companies offer banks and other organizations likely to suffer from phishing scams round-the-clock services to monitor, analyze and assist in shutting down phishing websites.[174] Automated detection of phishing content is still below accepted levels for direct action, with content-based analysis reaching between 80% and 90% of success[175] so most of the tools include manual steps to certify the detection and authorize the response.[176] Individuals can contribute by reporting phishing to both volunteer and industry groups,[177] such as cyscon or PhishTank.[178] Phishing web pages and emails can be reported to Google.[179][180]

Transaction verification and signing

Solutions have also emerged using the mobile phone[181] (smartphone) as a second channel for verification and authorization of banking transactions.

Multi-factor authentication

Organizations can implement two factor or multi-factor authentication (MFA), which requires a user to use at least 2 factors when logging in. (For example, a user must both present a smart card and a password). This mitigates some risk, in the event of a successful phishing attack, the stolen password on its own cannot be reused to further breach the protected system. However, there are several attack methods which can defeat many of the typical systems.[182] MFA schemes such as WebAuthn address this issue by design.

Email content redaction

Organizations that prioritize security over convenience can require users of its computers to use an email client that redacts URLs from email messages, thus making it impossible for the reader of the email to click on a link, or even copy a URL. While this may result in an inconvenience, it does almost eliminate email phishing attacks.

Limitations of technical responses

An article in Forbes in August 2014 argues that the reason phishing problems persist even after a decade of anti-phishing technologies being sold is that phishing is "a technological medium to exploit human weaknesses" and that technology cannot fully compensate for human weaknesses.[183]

Legal responses

File:Scam Watch 1280x720.ogg
Video instruction by the US Federal Trade Commission on how to file a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission

On January 26, 2004, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission filed the first lawsuit against a Californian teenager suspected of phishing by creating a webpage mimicking America Online and stealing credit card information.[184] Other countries have followed this lead by tracing and arresting phishers. A phishing kingpin, Valdir Paulo de Almeida, was arrested in Brazil for leading one of the largest phishing crime rings, which in two years stole between Template:US$ and Template:US$.[185] UK authorities jailed two men in June 2005 for their role in a phishing scam,[186] in a case connected to the U.S. Secret Service Operation Firewall, which targeted notorious "carder" websites.[187] In 2006, Japanese police arrested eight people for creating fake Yahoo Japan websites, netting themselves Template:JPY (Template:US$)[188] and the FBI detained a gang of sixteen in the U.S. and Europe in Operation Cardkeeper.[189]

Senator Patrick Leahy introduced the Anti-Phishing Act of 2005 to Congress in the United States on March 1, 2005. This bill aimed to impose fines of up to $250,000 and prison sentences of up to five years on criminals who used fake websites and emails to defraud consumers.[190] In the UK, the Fraud Act 2006[191] introduced a general offense of fraud punishable by up to ten years in prison and prohibited the development or possession of phishing kits with the intention of committing fraud.[192]

Companies have also joined the effort to crack down on phishing. On March 31, 2005, Microsoft filed 117 federal lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington. The lawsuits accuse "John Doe" defendants of obtaining passwords and confidential information. March 2005 also saw a partnership between Microsoft and the Australian government teaching law enforcement officials how to combat various cyber crimes, including phishing.[193] Microsoft announced a planned further 100 lawsuits outside the U.S. in March 2006,[194] followed by the commencement, as of November 2006, of 129 lawsuits mixing criminal and civil actions.[195] AOL reinforced its efforts against phishing[196] in early 2006 with three lawsuits[197] seeking a total of Template:US$ under the 2005 amendments to the Virginia Computer Crimes Act,[198][199] and Earthlink has joined in by helping to identify six men subsequently charged with phishing fraud in Connecticut.[200]

In January 2007, Jeffrey Brett Goodin of California became the first defendant convicted by a jury under the provisions of the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003. He was found guilty of sending thousands of emails to America Online (AOL) users, while posing as AOL's billing department, which prompted customers to submit personal and credit card information. Facing a possible 101 years in prison for the CAN-SPAM violation and ten other counts including wire fraud, the unauthorized use of credit cards, and the misuse of AOL's trademark, he was sentenced to serve 70 months. Goodin had been in custody since failing to appear for an earlier court hearing and began serving his prison term immediately.[201][202][203][204]

Notable incidents

See also

Portal icon Law portal

References

  1. ↑ Jansson, K.; von Solms, R. (2011-11-09). "Phishing for phishing awareness" (in en). Behaviour & Information Technology 32 (6): 584–593. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2011.632650. ISSN 0144-929X. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144929X.2011.632650. 
  2. ↑ Ramzan, Zulfikar (2010). "Phishing attacks and countermeasures". Handbook of Information and Communication Security. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-04117-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=I-9P1EkTkigC&pg=PA433. 
  3. ↑ "Internet Crime Report 2020". U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2020_IC3Report.pdf. 
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  164. ↑ Bank of America. "How Bank of America SiteKey Works For Online Banking Security". http://www.bankofamerica.com/. 
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