Martha Lloyd

For the English school principal, see Martha Lloyd (principal).

Martha Lloyd
Born	1765 Bishopstone, Wiltshire
Died	January 24, 1843(1843-01-24) (aged 77–78) Portsdown Lodge, Hampshire
Resting place	Wymering, Hampshire
Known for	Friend of Jane Austen
Spouse	Sir Francis Austen

Martha Lloyd (1765 – 24 January 1843) was Jane Austen's dearest friend after Austen's sister Cassandra, and is now known also as a collector of recipes.

Early life

Martha was the eldest daughter of Rev. Noyes Lloyd of Bishopstone (near Shrivenham in Wiltshire) and his wife, Martha Craven. Her mother was second daughter of the Royal Governor of South Carolina, Charles Craven. She is believed to have met her future husband in Newbury, when she and her sister lived there with an aunt. Mrs Lloyd considered herself fortunate to have married "a beneficed clergyman of respectable character and good position." The Lloyds settled down and had four children. Martha, the oldest daughter, was born in 1765 and her sister Mary in 1771. A few years later, a smallpox epidemic took the life of their brother and left the two older sisters scarred for life, though the youngest, Eliza, seems to have escaped relatively unharmed. When the Rev. Lloyd died in 1789, the Lloyd family lived for two or three years in the parsonage at Deane, a benefice held by Rev. George Austen. During this period, Martha Lloyd and her sister Mary became particular friends of Cassandra and Jane Austen, friendships that lasted as long as they lived.

The Lloyd family had much in common with the Austens and from an early time, visits between the two families were frequent. Though no one knows quite how they met, the Austens and Lloyds shared many mutual friends and when the Reverend Lloyd died in 1789, his widow and her two oldest, single daughters were happy to move into the unused Deane parsonage, a mile and a half from Steventon, offered by Reverend Austen.

Friendship with Austen

Although Jane Austen was ten years younger than Martha, the oldest Lloyd daughter, they were, as Jane's cousin Eliza de Feuillide remarked, "very sensible and good-humored." Austen considered Martha to be a second sister, as her letter of 13 October 1808, written to Cassandra, shows: "With what true sympathy our feelings are shared by Martha, you need not be told;—she is the friend & Sister under every circumstance."

After three years (1792), when Jane Austen's brother, James, married and assumed the parish of Deane, it was necessary for the Lloyds to move, this time to a home in Hurstbourne, called Ibthorpe. Though only 15 miles (24 km) from Steventon, this separation must have seemed cruel to Jane, who had few friends nearby and no mode of transportation. It is clear from Jane Austen's correspondence that her friend Martha was privy to her great secret—her writing. An early piece of Juvenilia, Frederick and Elfrida, is dedicated to her "As a small testimony of the gratitude I feel for your late generosity to me in finishing my muslin Cloak, I beg leave to offer you this little production of your sincere Friend" and later writings prove that she had been allowed to see the manuscripts for Love and Freindship [sic] and for First Impressions, an early version of Pride and Prejudice and an honor accorded to few.

In 1805 changes abounded for the Austen and Lloyd families. Many years had now passed since James Austen's first wife had died and he had remarried again, choosing the younger Miss Mary Lloyd to be his second wife. With The Rev, George Austen's retirement and his family's to Bath in 1801, James had taken over both the Deane and Steventon, Hampshire holding and his growing family now lived in the Steventon parsonage.

It was while they were living in Bath, Somerset that Mr. Austen finally succumbed to his long illness and not too many months later that Mrs. Lloyd also died. The women, being in a delicate financial state, decided to combine housekeeping and all four (Mrs. Austen, Cassandra, Jane and Martha Lloyd) moved to Southampton to be with Jane's younger brother Frank and his wife, Mary. As an officer in the Navy, Frank was often away from home and this joining of households not only helped him look after his widowed mother, but provided constant companionship for his soon pregnant wife. It seems to have been, by all accounts, an excellent arrangement.

On 7 July 1809, Jane Austen moved to a cottage in Chawton, together with her mother, her sister Cassandra, and their friend Martha Lloyd, at the invitation of her brother Edward Austen Knight, on whose estate it lay. Their new house was a late 17th Century brick building with two sitting rooms, five bedrooms, kitchens, garrets, outbuildings, and about 2 acres (8,100 m²) of grounds. It had once been an inn, and stood at the junction where the Gosport and Winchester roads met and became the main road to London.

Martha Lloyd's contribution to what is now known of Austen's life is significant. Letters survive from Jane to Martha, as well as Martha's collection of recipes used at Chawton, which were later compiled into A Jane Austen Household Book by Peggy Hickman, David & Charles, Ltd. 1977, and in The Jane Austen Cookbook by Maggie Black and Deirdre Le Faye, British Museum Press, 1995 (ISBN 0-7141-2769-8). Martha Lloyd is directly mentioned in Jane Austen's poem, Oh! Mr. Best You're Very Bad.

Life in Chawton, after Jane's death

The Austen family remained at Chawton Cottage, even after Jane Austen's death in 1817. Martha Lloyd took on many duties as housekeeper for the family, though the work was divided among the three surviving women.

Marraige to Frank Austen, 1828-1843

Frank Austen, lost his first wife, Mary Gibson, in 1823 after the birth of their 11th child. He relied on his eldest daughter, Mary-Jane Austen, to take on a maternal role for her younger siblings, from Mary's death, until Mary-Jane's wedding, in 1828. A month after Mary-Jane's marriage Frank married 62 year old Martha. Martha's biographer, Zoe Wheddon, notes Frank still had seven children who were under sixteen years old.

Wheddon, noted Frank voiced regret that, at her age, their union was unlikely to result in more children.

Frank's wealthy aunt, and godmother, Jane Leigh-Perrot, had planned to leave Frank her estate, Scarletts, near Redding, in Berkshire. However, his marriage to Martha "incensed" her, and she ended up leaving her estate to Frank's nephew James-Edward Austen. Instead she immediately gifted him with 10,000 pounds, and washed her hands of him. The immediate gift meant that he could buy a modest estate himself, without waiting for her death, and he bought a 35 acre house and waterfront property, conveniently near Portsmouth, which he and Martha made their home, for the rest of their lives.

Frank was knighted in 1838, shortly after it was his turn to be promoted to Rear Admiral, entitling Martha to be addressed as "Lady Austen".

Although Frank was married to his wives for approximately the same number of years, he spent much of his first marriage at sea, and he seems to have loved his elderly wife, with a face disfigured by smallpox scars, more than his child-bride. Wheddon wrote he arranged for him to be buried in Martha's grave, so he could "be resurrected with her into his eternal glory.".

A single daguerreotype photograph exists of Martha, capturing her in old age accompanied by her dog. It must have been taken at some point after invention of the daguerrotype in 1839.

Martha Lloyd died in 1843.

References

• Austen-Leigh, William; Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh (1913). Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters—A Family Record. London: Smith, Elder & Co. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173839. 
• Collins, Irene (1994). Jane Austen and the Clergy. London and Rio Grande: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 1-85285-114-7. 
• Honan, Park (1987). Jane Austen — A Life. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-01451-1. 
• Le Fay, Deirdre, editor (1995). Jane Austen's Letters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283297-2. 
• Ross, Josephine (2003). Jane Austen: A Companion. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3299-X. https://archive.org/details/janeaustencompan0000ross. 

Works

• Gehrer, Julienne (Ed.): Martha Lloyd's household book: the original manuscript from Jane Austen's kitchen; foreword by Deirdre Faye ; Julienne Gehrer ; Jane Austen's House, Oxford : Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, 2021, ISBN 978-1-85124-560-4

External links

• Jane Austen's Chawton House Museum which is open to the public and is very much as Jane Austen would have known it.
• Further information and photographs can be found at The Jane Austen Centre.